ESA Online Journals - Interacting regime shifts in ecosystems: implication for early warnings

ESA Online Journals - Interacting regime shifts in ecosystems: implication for early warnings: "Big ecological changes often involve regime shifts in which a critical threshold is crossed. Thresholds are often difficult to measure, and transgressions of thresholds come as surprises. If a critical threshold is approached gradually, however, there are early warnings of the impending regime shift. For example, in a one-dimensional ecosystem dynamics, autocorrelation approaches 1 from below, variance and skewness increase, and variance spectra shift to lower frequencies"